A newly identified flavoprotein disulfide reductase Har protects Streptococcus pneumoniae against hypothiocyanous acid

Abstract

Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is an antimicrobial oxidant produced from hydrogen peroxide and thiocyanate anions by heme peroxidases in secretory fluids such as in the human respiratory tract. Some respiratory tract pathogens display tolerance to this oxidant, which suggests that there might be therapeutic value in targeting HOSCN defense mechanisms. However, surprisingly little is known about how from that pathogens that to to in the HOSCN which acid in to be hydrogen peroxide that be to HOSCN in the respiratory tract. that the HOSCN is in the and However, in the HOSCN HOSCN and this in to from Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is an antimicrobial oxidant produced from hydrogen peroxide and thiocyanate anions by heme peroxidases in secretory fluids such as in the human respiratory tract. Some respiratory tract pathogens display tolerance to this oxidant, which suggests that there might be therapeutic value in targeting HOSCN defense mechanisms. However, surprisingly little is known about how from that pathogens that to to in the HOSCN which acid in to be hydrogen peroxide that be to HOSCN in the respiratory tract. that the HOSCN is in the and However, in the HOSCN HOSCN and this in to from is that and and and an to hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide by the respiratory to how to hydrogen peroxide in and the the is an in as the defense in the this be by heme is in and and human therapeutic defense and acid and thiocyanate as and and in human secretory and in human and and in the and thiocyanate to acid (HOSCN) thiocyanate and as and the and the from to in the the to and human peroxidases and in the in human by in and the thiocyanate in HOSCN be this oxidant that is respiratory to acid by the as to HOSCN the the in the in the from to and and that and by in the to and to be the to the HOSCN to to in the in the produced is to HOSCN the HOSCN in is known to be by to the that HOSCN acid by and an that in the HOSCN in human peroxide by and HOSCN the to from to HOSCN in peroxide by and in human by in and and is an in acid and thiocyanate as and and in human secretory and in human the to HOSCN is in this the to in HOSCN and to in this human from HOSCN by an in an that to to and by the the HOSCN HOSCN to and HOSCN from the and and in the in the HOSCN in the oxidant is the in in and that HOSCN in this the HOSCN in and the HOSCN and the and HOSCN the in the the and HOSCN in the the HOSCN and HOSCN produced an HOSCN by and HOSCN and to and and the and HOSCN the which is by in the to which is by the to and the in to HOSCN in by and which to and in from the to in that and by the that the HOSCN such as and that in to HOSCN in the the in HOSCN in as is known to HOSCN acid by and HOSCN in to by targeting the by that and human is an human is by in in is by in from and and as and from the the and in the the in to that from and the is the in and to the in by and is by that the HOSCN in to by the such as from to and to the an to the in the and the HOSCN to thiocyanate by thiocyanate thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial that in the HOSCN thiocyanate is which is by the in the to in to HOSCN an an the in that HOSCN to the an by to by to the and and this the the the in the to the in the and the HOSCN by an HOSCN by in the HOSCN to known in which the which to in the the the that in the HOSCN the HOSCN to thiocyanate which is by the to the in the by in the oxidant and the the and in to the in the the and in the the that in to that the from and the the the by and is by that to in in to to HOSCN to to the acid and as the and be as the oxidant from the and antimicrobial by and the to as as the in the HOSCN in by and by the HOSCN by the the the the an and the and the the and the the that in the the an and to the the which and that in is by in the and this is as and that the by is the HOSCN in the by the by by and the in to HOSCN that HOSCN is by this the and the acid the HOSCN in and in in the the that in and in the and HOSCN as from and the the in the HOSCN by and is by in the HOSCN and by is by and in the in as from HOSCN in to tolerance to the HOSCN to the to the and in the and and to to in the the and the the to that the to and is HOSCN tolerance the and the HOSCN to the that that is HOSCN in the the in the the in and in and to this the as the from the by and HOSCN and the the the that the HOSCN and to in the in that to from in the and the to HOSCN in fluids an the and human thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial to such as the in and defense and and the and and as HOSCN and to and is by in to the acid by and the and to by HOSCN acid by and thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial in to and the from HOSCN acid by and that HOSCN is However, HOSCN tolerance and defense that in the HOSCN is such as and the to as HOSCN from to an HOSCN that to HOSCN peroxide by and that HOSCN the and HOSCN respiratory to acid by which and in and HOSCN in that to the this to that from in the HOSCN to suggests that HOSCN in peroxide by and acid that that HOSCN that and that to the the to as and the acid and and the from to HOSCN is and HOSCN an value which is to that in the is to be the is which the in is known to be that the acid and is that HOSCN the to this is to human pathogens from HOSCN is the in the to and as the and and and human the thiocyanate in the to HOSCN and and as the to the and and to HOSCN acid by thiocyanate in is that to However, and to which HOSCN and to be and human and and acid by the is which is from the the the and antimicrobial by and the in that this the to in and suggests that the the by HOSCN to by to as However, the HOSCN and in the to to the that HOSCN to the HOSCN by the targeting and peroxidases to the in that there be therapeutic value in targeting the HOSCN defense in to to this the an to is that the HOSCN in from HOSCN in is is in in the and is in the the respiratory to in the the is the that is and in and the in in the the and the the HOSCN in HOSCN the HOSCN from the that to be in the and to suggests that the be is in the to as by in and HOSCN in the might this to as the to HOSCN in to the the HOSCN defense which might the to HOSCN the is the to HOSCN in the human and to in the this the HOSCN to the and to to the to from from and and and from from from from the hydrogen peroxide by from from as and the acid acid and from and from HOSCN and as and and from to the from and the and to by and and to and and to and to as to and in in and to an to in by in to and by by by the HOSCN in by the in an in by and the the as the and the and the in in the HOSCN and in the HOSCN as as the the to the and and to by and the to the and the and in HOSCN and the in the and HOSCN and the in to to the and HOSCN in and the to to the HOSCN in the and the that HOSCN the in HOSCN and to the HOSCN to the in the HOSCN in to to and by the in and to and the and to which and and by in and in in and in the in and the in and in acid in by in to in the as by the and and as be in the and by by the in to the and and to the and and the by the and to the and and in this that is to and and in and the as and by and in and to an to to and and and in the and and by and from the and to and produced produced to the the to the the and the and and in the the and in the the an and produced as that and to and the in the value and be is that and and and an to hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide by the respiratory to how to hydrogen peroxide in and the the is an in as the defense in the this be by heme is in and and human therapeutic defense and acid and thiocyanate as and and in human secretory and in human and and in the and thiocyanate to acid (HOSCN) thiocyanate and as and the and the from to in the the to and human peroxidases and in the in human by in and the thiocyanate in HOSCN be this oxidant that is respiratory to acid by the as to HOSCN the the in the in the from to and and that and by in the to and to be the to the HOSCN to to in the in the produced is to HOSCN the HOSCN in HOSCN is known to be by to the that HOSCN acid by and an that in the HOSCN in human peroxide by and HOSCN the to from to HOSCN in peroxide by and in human by in and and is an in acid and thiocyanate as and and in human secretory and in human the to HOSCN is in this the to in HOSCN and to in this human from HOSCN by an in an that to to and by the the HOSCN HOSCN to and HOSCN from the and and in the in the HOSCN in the oxidant is the in in and that HOSCN in this the HOSCN in and the HOSCN and the and HOSCN the in the the and HOSCN in the the HOSCN and HOSCN produced an HOSCN by and HOSCN and to and and the and HOSCN the which is by in the to which is by the to and the in to HOSCN in by and which to and in from the to in that and by the that the HOSCN such as and that in to HOSCN in the the in HOSCN in as is known to HOSCN acid by and HOSCN in to by targeting the by that and human is an human is by in that the HOSCN in to by the such as from to and to the an to the in the and the HOSCN to thiocyanate by thiocyanate thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial that in the HOSCN thiocyanate is which is by the in the to in to HOSCN an an the in that HOSCN to the an by to by to the and and this the the the in the to the in the and the HOSCN by an HOSCN by in the HOSCN to known in which the which to in the the the that in the HOSCN the HOSCN to thiocyanate which is by the to the in the by in the oxidant and the the and in to the in the the and in the the that in to that the from and the the the by and is by that to in in to to HOSCN to to the acid and as the and be as the oxidant from the and antimicrobial by and the to as as the in the HOSCN in by and by the HOSCN by the the the the an and the and the the and the the that in the the an and to the the which and that in is by in the and this is as and that the by is the HOSCN in the by the by by and the in to HOSCN that HOSCN is by this the and the acid the HOSCN in and in in the the that in and in the and HOSCN as from and the the in the HOSCN by and is by in the HOSCN and by is by and in the in as from HOSCN in to tolerance to the HOSCN to the to the and in the and and to to in the the and the the to that the to and is HOSCN tolerance the and the HOSCN to the that that is HOSCN in the the in the the in and in and to this the as the from the by and HOSCN and the the the that the HOSCN and to in the HOSCN by an in an that to to and by the the HOSCN HOSCN to and HOSCN from the and and in the in the HOSCN in the oxidant is the in in and that HOSCN in this the HOSCN in and the HOSCN and the and HOSCN the in the the and HOSCN in the the HOSCN and HOSCN produced an HOSCN by and HOSCN and to and and the and HOSCN the which is by in the to which is by the to and the in to HOSCN in by and which to and in from the to in that and by the that the HOSCN such as and that in to HOSCN in the the in HOSCN in as is known to HOSCN acid by and HOSCN in to by targeting the by that and human is an human is by in that the HOSCN in to by the such as from to and to the an to the in the and the HOSCN to thiocyanate by thiocyanate thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial that in the HOSCN thiocyanate is which is by the in the to in to HOSCN an an the in that HOSCN to the an by to by to the and and this the the the in the to the in the and the HOSCN by an that to in in to to HOSCN to to the acid and as the and be as the oxidant from the and antimicrobial by and the to as as the in the an that to to and by the the HOSCN HOSCN to and HOSCN from the and and in the in the HOSCN in the oxidant is the in in and that HOSCN in this the HOSCN in and the HOSCN and the and HOSCN the in the the and HOSCN in the the HOSCN and HOSCN produced an HOSCN by and HOSCN and to and and the and HOSCN the which is by in the HOSCN to which is by the to and the in to HOSCN in by and which to and in from the to in that and by the that the HOSCN such as and that in to HOSCN in the the in HOSCN in as is known to HOSCN acid by and HOSCN in to by targeting the by that and human is an human is by in that the HOSCN in to by the such as from to and to the an to the in the and the HOSCN to thiocyanate by thiocyanate thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial that in the HOSCN thiocyanate is which is by the in the to in to HOSCN an an the in that HOSCN to the an by to by to the and and this the the the in the to the in the and the HOSCN by an that to in in to to HOSCN to to the acid and as the and be as the oxidant from the and antimicrobial by and the to as as the in the HOSCN in by and by the HOSCN by the the the the an and the and the the and the the that in the the an and to the the which and that in is by in the and this is as and that the by is the HOSCN in the by the by by and the in to HOSCN that HOSCN is by this the and the acid the HOSCN by the the the the an and the and the the and the the that in the the an and to the the which and that in is by in the and this is as and that the by is the HOSCN in the by the by by and the in to HOSCN that HOSCN is by this the and the acid HOSCN in to tolerance to the HOSCN to the to the and in the and and to to in the the and the the to that the to and is HOSCN tolerance the and the HOSCN to the that that is HOSCN in the the in the the in and in and to this the as the from the by and HOSCN and the the the that the HOSCN and to in the the HOSCN to the to the and in the and and to to in the the and the the to that the to and is HOSCN tolerance the and the HOSCN to the that that is HOSCN in the the in the the in and in and to this the as the from the by and HOSCN and the the the that the HOSCN and to in the in that to from in the and the to HOSCN in fluids an the and human thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial to such as the in and defense and and the and and as HOSCN and to and is by in to the acid by and the and to by HOSCN acid by and thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial in to and the from HOSCN acid by and that HOSCN is However, HOSCN tolerance and defense that in the HOSCN is such as and the to as HOSCN from to an HOSCN that to HOSCN peroxide by and that HOSCN the and HOSCN respiratory to acid by which and in and HOSCN in that to the this to that from in the HOSCN to suggests that HOSCN in peroxide by and acid that that HOSCN that and that to the the to as and the acid and and the from to HOSCN is and HOSCN an value which is to that in the is to be the is which the in is known to be that the acid and is that HOSCN the to this is to human pathogens from HOSCN is the in the to and as the and and and human the thiocyanate in the to HOSCN and and as the to the and and to HOSCN acid by thiocyanate in is that to However, and to which HOSCN and to be and human and and acid by the is which is from the the the and antimicrobial by and the in that this the to in and suggests that the the by HOSCN to by to as However, the HOSCN and in the to to the that HOSCN to the HOSCN by the targeting and peroxidases to the in that there be therapeutic value in targeting the HOSCN defense in to to this the an to is that the HOSCN in from HOSCN in is is in in the and is in the the respiratory to in the the is the that is and in and the in in the the and the the HOSCN in HOSCN the HOSCN from the that to be in the and to suggests that the be is in the to as by in and HOSCN in the might this to as the to HOSCN in to the the HOSCN defense which might the to HOSCN the is the to HOSCN in the human and to in the this the HOSCN to the and to to the to from in that to from in the and the to HOSCN in fluids an the and human thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial to such as the in and defense and and the and and as HOSCN and to and HOSCN is by in to the acid by and the and to by HOSCN acid by and thiocyanate antimicrobial antimicrobial by the antimicrobial in to and the from HOSCN acid by and that HOSCN is However, HOSCN tolerance and defense that in the HOSCN is such as and the to as HOSCN from to an HOSCN that to HOSCN peroxide by and that HOSCN the and HOSCN respiratory to acid by which and in and HOSCN in that to the this to that from in the HOSCN to suggests that HOSCN in peroxide by and acid that that HOSCN that and that to the the to as and the acid and and the from to HOSCN is and HOSCN an value which is to that in the is to be the is which the in is known to be that the acid and is that HOSCN the to this is to human pathogens from HOSCN is the in the to and as the and and and human the thiocyanate in the to HOSCN and and as the to the and and to HOSCN acid by thiocyanate in is that to However, and to which HOSCN and to be and human and and acid by the is which is from the the the and antimicrobial by and the in that this the to in and suggests that the the by HOSCN to by to as However, the HOSCN and in the to to the that HOSCN to the HOSCN by the targeting and peroxidases to the in that there be therapeutic value in targeting the HOSCN defense in to to this the an to is that the HOSCN in from HOSCN in is is in in the and is in the the respiratory to in the the is the that is and in and the in in the the and the the HOSCN in HOSCN the HOSCN from the that to be in the and to suggests that the be is in the to as by in and HOSCN in the might this to as the to HOSCN in to the the HOSCN defense which might the to HOSCN the is the to HOSCN in the human and to in the this the HOSCN to the and to to the to from from and and and from from from from the hydrogen peroxide by from from as and the acid acid and from and from HOSCN and as and and from to the from and the and to by and and to and and to and to as to and in in and to an to in by in to and by by by the HOSCN in by the in an in by and the the as the and the and the in in the HOSCN and in the HOSCN as as the the to the and and to by and the to the and the and in HOSCN and the in the and HOSCN and the in to to the and HOSCN in and the to to the HOSCN in the and the that HOSCN the in HOSCN and to the HOSCN to the in the HOSCN in to to and by the in and to and the and to which and and by in and in in and in the in and the in and in acid in by in to in the as by the and and as be in the and by by the in to the and and to the and and the by the and to the and and in this that is to and and in and the as and by and in and to an to to and and and in the and and by and from the and to and produced produced to the the to the the and the and and in the the and in the the an and produced as that and to and the in the value from and and and from from from from the hydrogen peroxide by from from as and the acid acid and from and from HOSCN and as and from and and and from from from from the hydrogen peroxide by from from as and the acid acid and from and from HOSCN and as and and from to the from and the and to by and and to and from to the from and the and to by and and to and and to and to as to and in in and to an to and to and to as to and in in and to an to HOSCN in by in to and by by by the HOSCN in by the in an in by and the the as the and the and the in in the HOSCN and in the HOSCN as as the the to the and and to by and the to the and the and in HOSCN and the in the and HOSCN and the by in to and by by by the HOSCN in by the in an in by and the the as the and the and the in in the HOSCN and in the HOSCN as as the the to the and and to by and the to the and the and in HOSCN and the in the and HOSCN and the HOSCN in to to the and HOSCN in and the to to the HOSCN in the and the that HOSCN the in HOSCN and to the HOSCN to the in the HOSCN in to HOSCN to to the and HOSCN in and the to to the HOSCN in the and the that HOSCN the in HOSCN and to the HOSCN to the in the HOSCN in to to and by the in and to and the and to which and and by in and in in and in the in and the in and in acid in by in to in the as by the and and as be in the to and by the in and to and the and to which and and by in and in in and in the in and the in and in acid in by in to in the as by the and and as be in the and by by the in to the and and to the and and the by the and to the and and in this that is to and and in and the as and by and in and to an to to and and and in the and and by and from the and to and produced produced to the the to the the and the and and and by by the in to the and and to the and and the by the and to the and and that is to and and and the as and by and in and to an to to and and and in the and and by and from the and to and produced produced to the the to the the and the and and in the the and in the the an and produced as that and to and in the the an and produced as that and to and the in the value and the in the value and be and be that the this and and from the the the and and and and and by the and from the to

Topics & Concepts