Development of a 3D Printed Brain Model with Vasculature for Neurosurgical Procedure Visualisation and Training
Manuel De Jesus Encarnación Ramírez, Issael Ramirez Pena, Rossi Evelyn Barrientos Castillo, Albert Sufianov, Evgeniy Goncharov, Jose A. Soriano Sanchez, Manuel Colome-Hidalgo, Renat Nurmukhametov, José R. Cerda, Nicola Montemurro
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Simulation-based techniques using three-dimensional models are gaining popularity in neurosurgical training. Most pre-existing models are expensive, so we felt a need to develop a real-life model using 3D printing technology to train in endoscopic third ventriculostomy. METHODS: pigment additives to replicate the color and consistency of brain tissue. The dura mater was made from quick-drying silicone paste admixed with gray dye. The blood vessels were made from a silicone 3D-printed mold based on magnetic resonance imaging. Liquid containing paprika oleoresin dye was used to simulate blood and was pumped through the vessels to simulate pulsatile motion. RESULTS: Seven residents and eight senior neurosurgeons were recruited to test our model. The participants reported that the size and anatomy of the elements were very similar to real structures. The model was helpful for training neuroendoscopic 3D perception and navigation. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an endoscopic third ventriculostomy training model using 3D printing technology that provides anatomical precision and a realistic simulation. We hope our model can provide an indispensable tool for young neurosurgeons to gain operative experience without exposing patients to risk.