Ammonia Synthesis over Transition Metal Catalysts: Reaction Mechanisms, Rate-Determining Steps, and Challenges
Pradeep R. Varadwaj, Helder M. Marques, Ireneusz Grabowski
Abstract
Ammonia synthesis remains a cornerstone of global chemical manufacturing, essential for fertilizer production, energy storage, and emerging carbon capture technologies. This overview examines recent developments in the understanding of elementary reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis, with emphasis on transition metal thermocatalysts operating under the Haber–Bosch process. Traditionally, the dissociative adsorption of nitrogen (N2) has been considered the rate-determining step. However, recent studies challenge this view, revealing possible shifts in rate-determining steps and suggesting that alternative mechanistic pathways may be operative. The discussion critiques studies that adhere strictly to the classic dissociative mechanism—often inferred from the reaction order of N2—while overlooking alternative pathways that could offer more efficient catalytic routes and deeper mechanistic insight into ammonia synthesis. These insights offer a pathway toward more rational catalyst design and improved process efficiency in ammonia synthesis.