The Interplay between Host Defense, Infection, and Clinical Status in Septic Patients: A Narrative Review
Alessandro Lazzaro, Gabriella De Girolamo, Valeria Filippi, Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti, Letizia Santinelli, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Enrico Maria Trecarichi, Carlo Torti, Claudio Maria Mastroianni, Gabriella d’Ettorre, Alessandro Russo
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. Despite significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its pathogenesis and mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the recent developments in our understanding of the hallmarks of sepsis pathogenesis (immune and adaptive immune response, the complement system, the endothelial disfunction, and autophagy) and highlight novel laboratory diagnostic approaches. Clinical management is also discussed with pivotal consideration for antimicrobic therapy management in particular settings, such as intensive care unit, altered renal function, obesity, and burn patients.