Metagenomic Insight into Microbiome and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of High Clinical Concern in Urban and Rural Hospital Wastewater of Northern India Origin: a Major Reservoir of Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

and their association with the microbiome in six different Indian hospital wastewaters of both urban and rural origin. The abundance of plasmid-mediated ARGs and virulence factors calls for urgent AMR crisis management. The lack of proper wastewater management strategies meeting international standards and open drainage systems further complicates the problem of containing the ARGs at these hospitals. This metagenomic study presents the current AMR profile propagating in hospital settings in India and can be used as a reference for future surveillance and risk management of ARGs in Indian hospitals.

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