Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic, Hormonal, and Inflammation Impacts
Zahra Kolahchi, Nicholas Henkel, Mahmoud Ali Eladawi, Emma C. Villarreal, Prathik Kandimalla, Anna Lundh, Robert E. McCullumsmith, Elvis Cuevas
Abstract
Two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer's disease are women, indicating a profound variance between the sexes. Variances exist between the sexes in the age and intensity of the presentation, cognitive deficits, neuroinflammatory factors, structural and functional brain changes, as well as psychosocial and cultural circumstances. Herein, we summarize the existing evidence for sexual dimorphism and present the available evidence for these distinctions. Understanding these complexities is critical to developing personalized interventions for the prevention, care, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Topics & Concepts
DiseaseSexual dimorphismPsychosocialPsychological interventionDementiaCognitionAlzheimer's diseasePsychologyDevelopmental psychologyMedicineGerontologyClinical psychologyNeurosciencePsychiatryInternal medicineStress Responses and CortisolMenopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsSex and Gender in Healthcare