Cancer Control, Toxicity, and Secondary Malignancy Risks of Proton Radiation Therapy for Stage I-IIB Testicular Seminoma
Russell Maxwell, Yushi Chang, Christina Paul, David J. Vaughn, John P. Christodouleas
Abstract
PurposeThis study's objective was to report cancer control and toxicity outcomes after proton radiation therapy (RT) in testicular seminoma and to compare secondary malignancy (SMN) risks with photon-based treatment alternatives.Methods and MaterialsConsecutive patients with stage I-IIB testicular seminoma treated with proton RT at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier estimates for disease-free and overall survival were computed. Toxicities were scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Photon comparison plans, including 3-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) and intensity modulated RT (IMRT)/volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), were created for each patient. Dosimetric parameters and SMN risk predictions for different in-field organs-at-risk were compared between the techniques. Excess absolute SMN risks were estimated with organ equivalent dose modeling.ResultsTwenty-four patients were included (median age, 38.5 years). The majority of patients had stage II disease (IIA, 12 [50.0%]; IIB, 11 [45.8%]; IA, 1 [4.2%]). Seven (29.2%) and 17 (70.8%) patients had de novo and recurrent disease, respectively (de novo/recurrent: IA, 1/0; IIA, 4/8; IIB, 2/9). Most acute toxicities were mild (grade 1 [G1], 79.2%; G2, 12.5%) with G1 nausea being most common (70.8%). No serious events (G3-5) occurred. With a median follow-up time of 3 years (interquartile range, 2.1-3.6 years), 3-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 90.9% (95% confidence interval, 68.1%-97.6%) and 100% (95% confidence interval, 100%-100%), respectively. There were no documented late toxicities in the follow-up period, including worsening serial creatinine levels suggestive of early nephrotoxicity. Proton RT had significant reductions in mean organ-at-risk doses to the kidneys, stomach, colon, liver, bladder, and body compared with both 3D-CRT and IMRT/VMAT. Proton RT had significantly lower SMN risk predictions compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT/VMAT.ConclusionsCancer control and toxicity outcomes using proton RT in stage I-IIB testicular seminoma are consistent with existing photon-based RT literature. However, proton RT may be associated with significantly lower SMN risks. This study's objective was to report cancer control and toxicity outcomes after proton radiation therapy (RT) in testicular seminoma and to compare secondary malignancy (SMN) risks with photon-based treatment alternatives. Consecutive patients with stage I-IIB testicular seminoma treated with proton RT at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier estimates for disease-free and overall survival were computed. Toxicities were scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Photon comparison plans, including 3-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) and intensity modulated RT (IMRT)/volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), were created for each patient. Dosimetric parameters and SMN risk predictions for different in-field organs-at-risk were compared between the techniques. Excess absolute SMN risks were estimated with organ equivalent dose modeling. Twenty-four patients were included (median age, 38.5 years). The majority of patients had stage II disease (IIA, 12 [50.0%]; IIB, 11 [45.8%]; IA, 1 [4.2%]). Seven (29.2%) and 17 (70.8%) patients had de novo and recurrent disease, respectively (de novo/recurrent: IA, 1/0; IIA, 4/8; IIB, 2/9). Most acute toxicities were mild (grade 1 [G1], 79.2%; G2, 12.5%) with G1 nausea being most common (70.8%). No serious events (G3-5) occurred. With a median follow-up time of 3 years (interquartile range, 2.1-3.6 years), 3-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 90.9% (95% confidence interval, 68.1%-97.6%) and 100% (95% confidence interval, 100%-100%), respectively. There were no documented late toxicities in the follow-up period, including worsening serial creatinine levels suggestive of early nephrotoxicity. Proton RT had significant reductions in mean organ-at-risk doses to the kidneys, stomach, colon, liver, bladder, and body compared with both 3D-CRT and IMRT/VMAT. Proton RT had significantly lower SMN risk predictions compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT/VMAT. Cancer control and toxicity outcomes using proton RT in stage I-IIB testicular seminoma are consistent with existing photon-based RT literature. However, proton RT may be associated with significantly lower SMN risks.