Monocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammaging, and inflammatory pyroptosis in major depression
Maria S. Simon, Carmen Schiweck, Gara Arteaga-Henríquez, Sara Poletti, Bartholomeus C. M. Haarman, Wim A. Dik, Markus Schwarz, Elske Vrieze, Olya Mikova, Silke Joergens, Richard Musil, Stephan Claes, Bernhard T. Baune, Marion Leboyer, Francesco Benedetti, Roberto Furlan, Raf Berghmans, Harm de Wit, Annemarie Wijkhuijs, Volker Arolt, Norbert Müller, Hemmo A. Drexhage
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The macrophage theory of depression states that macrophages play an important role in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). METHODS: MDD patients (N = 140) and healthy controls (N = 120) participated in a cross-sectional study investigating the expression of apoptosis/growth and lipid/cholesterol pathway genes (BAX, BCL10, EGR1, EGR2, HB-EGF, NR1H3, ABCA1, ABCG1, MVK, CD163, HMOX1) in monocytes (macrophage/microglia precursors). Gene expressions were correlated to a set of previously determined and reported inflammation-regulating genes and analyzed with respect to various clinical parameters. RESULTS: MDD monocytes showed an overexpression of the apoptosis/growth/cholesterol and the TNF genes forming an inter-correlating gene cluster (cluster 3) separate from the previously described inflammation-related gene clusters (containing IL1 and IL6). While upregulation of monocyte gene cluster 3 was a hallmark of monocytes of all MDD patients, upregulation of the inflammation-related clusters was confirmed to be found only in the monocytes of patients with childhood adversity. The latter group also showed a downregulation of the cholesterol metabolism gene MVK, which is known to play an important role in trained immunity and proneness to inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: The upregulation of cluster 3 genes in monocytes of all MDD patients suggests a premature aging of the cells, i.e. mitochondrial apoptotic dysfunction and TNF "inflammaging", as a general feature of MDD. The overexpression of the IL-1/IL-6 containing inflammation clusters and the downregulation of MVK in monocytes of patients with childhood adversity indicates a shift in this condition to a more severe inflammation form (pyroptosis) of the cells, additional to the signs of premature aging and inflammaging.