Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and their implications for international agricultural trade: challenges and opportunities; comprehensive review
Gezani Piet Mabunda, Ndivho Nemukondeni, Letlhogonolo Selaledi
Abstract
This paper examines the role of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in international agricultural trade, highlighting both their benefits and challenges. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures are regulatory instruments designed to protect human, animal and plant health from risks arising from trade. Although essential for food safety and environmental protection, they often function as non-tariff barriers, particularly in developing countries. The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures provides a regulatory framework with an emphasis on scientific justification and transparency. However, compliance with the rules imposes excessive costs on exporters and importers and limits market access. International organizations such as Codex Alimentarius, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) play a key role in the setting of standards. The study underlines the need for a balanced approach which ensures food safety while promoting trade, especially for developing countries faced with technical and financial constraints. Increased investment in training, infrastructure and technical support by business organizations and regulators is necessary to increase compliance and facilitate market access.