Radio measurements of the depth of air-shower maximum at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Adila Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Belén Andrada, S. Andringa, Anukriti Anukriti, L. Apollonio, C. Aramo, Paulo Ricardo Araújo Ferreira, Enrico Arnone, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velázquez, P. Assis, Gualberto Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Felicia Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Bérat, M. E. Bertaina, Gopal Bhatta, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiří Blažek, C. Bleve, J. Blümer, M. Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, J. Brack, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, F. L. Briechle, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, Mario Buscemi, Max Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, S. Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, Fernando Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, M. Cerda, A. Cermenati, J. A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, Alan Coleman, M. R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, A. Condorelli, Giovanni Consolati, M. Conte, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, P. J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, J. de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, Jaime de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, Beatriz de Errico, Emanuele De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, N. Denner, L. Deval, Armando di Matteo, M. Dobre, C. Dobrigkeit
Abstract
The (AERA), part of the Pierre Auger Observatory, is currently the largest array of radio antenna stations deployed for the detection of cosmic rays, spanning an area of <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mn>17</a:mn><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:msup><a:mrow><a:mi>km</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mn>2</a:mn></a:msup></a:math> with 153 radio stations. It detects the radio emission of extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays in the 30–80 MHz band. Here, we report the AERA measurements of the (<c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:msub><c:mi>X</c:mi><c:mi>max</c:mi></c:msub></c:math>), a probe for mass composition, at cosmic-ray energies between <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><e:msup><e:mn>10</e:mn><e:mn>17.5</e:mn></e:msup></e:math> and <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:msup><g:mn>10</g:mn><g:mn>18.8</g:mn></g:msup><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mi>eV</g:mi></g:math>, which show agreement with earlier measurements with the fluorescence technique at the Pierre Auger Observatory. We show advancements in the method for radio <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><i:msub><i:mi>X</i:mi><i:mi>max</i:mi></i:msub></i:math> reconstruction by comparison to dedicated sets of / air-shower simulations, including steps of reconstruction-bias identification and correction, which is of particular importance for irregular or sparse radio arrays. Using the largest set of radio air-shower measurements to date, we show the radio <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><k:msub><k:mi>X</k:mi><k:mi>max</k:mi></k:msub></k:math> resolution as a function of energy, reaching a resolution better than <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><m:mrow><m:mn>15</m:mn><m:mtext> </m:mtext><m:mtext> </m:mtext><m:mi mathvariant="normal">g</m:mi><m:mtext> </m:mtext><m:msup><m:mrow><m:mi>cm</m:mi></m:mrow><m:mrow><m:mo>−</m:mo><m:mn>2</m:mn></m:mrow></m:msup></m:mrow></m:math> at the highest energies, demonstrating that radio <p:math xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><p:msub><p:mi>X</p:mi><p:mi>max</p:mi></p:msub></p:math> measurements are competitive with the established high-precision fluorescence technique. In addition, we developed a procedure for performing an extensive data-driven study of systematic uncertainties, including the effects of acceptance bias, reconstruction bias, and the investigation of possible residual biases. These results have been cross-checked with air showers measured independently with both the radio and fluorescence techniques, a setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory. Published by the American Physical Society 2024