Enhancing wheat tolerance to salinity using nanomaterials, proline, and biochar-inoculated with Bacillus subtilis
Muhammad Ayman, Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy, Ahmed S. M. Elnahal, Haifa E. Alfassam, Hassan A. Rudayni, Ahmed A. Allam, Eman M Farahat
Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2> Salinity negatively impacts crop production by affecting physiological and biochemical processes in plants. This study investigates the effectiveness of Nano-ZnO (NZn), proline (PA), Nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> (NTi), Nano-SiO<sub>2</sub> (NSi)), and biochar inoculated with <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (OSBS) in enhancing wheat tolerance to salinity stress. Pot experiments were conducted under saline conditions with varying rates of biochar and foliar applications. Results indicated that 2 % OSBS with NZn and NSi significantly improved wheat growth, leaf area, and nutrient level, reducing the negative impacts of salinity.