Enhancing the Performance of Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> in Electrocatalytic and Supercapacitor Applications by Controlling Lattice Strain
Hao Zhang, Jiefeng Diao, Mengzheng Ouyang, Hossein Yadegari, Mingxuan Mao, Jiaao Wang, Graeme Henkelman, Fang Xie, D. Jason Riley
Abstract
Abstract Lattice‐strained Bi 2 S 3 with 3D hierarchical structures are prepared through a top‐down route by a topotactic transformation. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirm the lattice spacing is expanded by prolonged sulfuration. Performance studies demonstrate that Bi 2 S 3 with the largest lattice expansion (Bi 2 S 3 ‐9.7%, where 9.7% represents the lattice expansion) exhibits a greater electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity compared to Bi 2 S 3 and Bi 2 S 3 ‐3.2%. Density functional theory calculations reveal the expansion of the lattice spacing reduces the bandwidth and upshifts the band center of the Bi 3 d orbits, facilitating electron exchange with the S 2 p orbits. The resultant intrinsic electronic configuration exhibits favorable H* adsorption kinetics and a reduced energy barrier for water dissociation in hydrogen evolution. Operando Raman and post‐mortem characterizations using XRD and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the generation of pseudo‐amorphous Bi at the edge of Bi 2 S 3 nanorods of the sample with lattice strain during HER, yielding Bi 2 S 3 ‐9.7%‐A. It is worth noting when Bi 2 S 3 ‐9.7%‐A is assembled as a positive electrode in an asymmetric supercapacitor, its performance is greatly superior to that of the same device formed using pristine Bi 2 S 3 ‐9.7%. The as‐prepared Bi 2 S 3 ‐9.7%‐A//activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor achieves a high specific capacitance of 307.4 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 , exhibiting high retention of 84.1% after 10 000 cycles.