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Mitochondrial orchestration of PANoptosis: mechanisms, disease pathogenesis, and emerging therapeutic frontiers

Jiale Zhang, Xiaoya Fu, Feifan Jia, Jing Yu, Jiameng Zhang, Aoxue Bai, Mengyuan Cui, Lei Zhang, Kunhou Yao

2025Cell Death Discovery13 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

Mitochondria, traditionally known as cellular powerhouses, are now recognized as central regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) and key players in disease pathogenesis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on mitochondrial mechanisms in PANoptosis-a convergent pathway integrating apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis-and their implications in diverse pathologies. Mitochondria govern intrinsic apoptosis via Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), amplify necroptosis through RIPK1/RIPK3-driven ROS signaling, and indirectly regulate pyroptosis via inflammasome-mitochondria crosstalk. Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and autoimmune/metabolic syndromes. Emerging therapies targeting mitochondrial pathways, such as Bcl-2 inhibitors, mPTP modulators, and ROS-inducing agents, demonstrate clinical promise in restoring cell death sensitivity and mitigating inflammation. By bridging molecular mechanisms with therapeutic innovations, this work underscores mitochondria as dynamic hubs of cellular fate and disease intervention.

Topics & Concepts

PyroptosisNecroptosisMitochondrionProgrammed cell deathBiologyCell biologyDiseaseNeuroscienceApoptosisAutophagyCellMitochondrial permeability transition poreVoltage-dependent anion channelNeurodegenerationMitochondrial membrane transport proteinCell fate determinationDNAJA3Mitochondrial diseaseInner mitochondrial membraneBcl-2 familymitochondrial fusionCrosstalkBioinformaticsFragmentation (computing)PINK1Signal transductionInflammasome and immune disordersCell death mechanisms and regulationMitochondrial Function and Pathology
Mitochondrial orchestration of PANoptosis: mechanisms, disease pathogenesis, and emerging therapeutic frontiers | Litcius