Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Cobalt Nanocluster Inlaid Porous Carbon as High-Efficiency Catalyst for Advanced Potassium–Sulfur Batteries
Xiaoli Ge, Haoxiang Di, Peng Wang, Xianguang Miao, Peng Zhang, Huiyang Wang, Jingyun Ma, Longwei Yin
Abstract
Despite high theoretical capacity and earth-abundant resources, the potential industrialization of potassium–sulfur (K–S) batteries is severely plagued by poor electrochemical reaction kinetics and a parasitic shuttle effect. Herein, a facile low-temperature pyrolysis strategy is developed to synthesize N-doped Co nanocluster inlaid porous N-doped carbon derived from ZIF-67 as catalytic cathodes for K–S batteries. To maximize the utilization efficiency, the size of Co nanoparticles can be tuned from 7 nm to homogeneously distributed 3 nm clusters to create more active sites to regulate affinity for S/polysulfides, improving the conversion reaction kinetics between captured polysulfides and K2S3/S, fundamentally suppressing the shuttle effect. Cyclic voltammetry curves, Tafel plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations ascertain that 3 nm Co clusters in S–N–Cos–C cathodes exhibit superior catalytic activity to ensure low charge transfer resistance and energy barriers, enhanced exchange current density, and improved conversion reaction rate. The constructed S–N–Cos–C cathode delivers a superior reversible capacity of 453 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1 after 50 cycles, a dramatic rate capacity of 415 mAh g–1 at 400 mA g–1, and a long cycling stability. This work provides an avenue to make full use of high catalytic Co nanoclusters derived from metal–organic frameworks.