Chemical Characterization of Different Extracts from <i>Artemisia annua</i> and Their Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Anti‐Inflammatory Properties
Alessandra Acquaviva, Nilofar Nilofar, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Gökhan Zengin, Simonetta Cristina Di Simone, Lucia Recinella, Sheila Leone, Luigi Brunetti, Abdullahi İbrahim Uba, Uğur Çakılcıoğlu, Rıdvan Polat, Ekrem Darendelioğlu, Luigi Menghini, Claudio Ferrante, Maria Loreta Libero, Giustino Orlando, Annalisa Chiavaroli
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae Family) is an important plant in Asia that has been used for treating different diseases, including fever due to malaria, wounds, tubercolisis, scabues, pain, convulsions, diabetes, and inflammation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of different polarity extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water (70 %) and water) from A. annua against the burden of inflammation and oxidative stress occurring in colon tissue exposed to LPS. In parallel, chemical composition, antiradical, and enzyme inhibition effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterases were evaluated. The water extract contained the highest content of the total phenolic with 34.59 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, while the hexane had the highest content of the total flavonoid (20.06 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g extract). In antioxidant assays, the polar extracts (ethanol, ethanol/water and water) exhibited stronger radical scavenging and reducing power abilities when compared to non-polar extracts. The hexane extract showed the best AChE, tyrosinase and glucosidase inhibitory effects. All extracts revealed effective anti-inflammatory agents, as demonstrated by the blunting effects on COX-2 and TNFα gene expression. These effects seemed to be not related to the only phenolic content. However, it is worthy of interest to highlight how the higher potency against LPS-induced gene expression was shown by the water extract ; thus suggesting a potential phytotherapy application in the management of clinical symptoms related to inflammatory colon diseases, although future in vivo studies are needed to confirm such in vitro and ex vivo observations.