Engineering Antimicrobial Polymer Nanocomposites: <i>In Situ</i> Synthesis, Disruption of Polymicrobial Biofilms, and <i>In Vivo</i> Activity
Sreyan Ghosh, Riya Mukherjee, Sudip Mukherjee, Swagatam Barman, Jayanta Haldar
Abstract
The increasing incidence of microbial infections and a limited arsenal of effective antibacterial and antifungal agents have entailed the need for new broad-spectrum therapeutics. Polymer–inorganic nanocomposites have emerged as an integral choice of antimicrobials but are limited by complicated synthesis, narrow-spectrum activity, and poor in vivo efficacy. Herein, chloride counterions of a nontoxic, moderately antibacterial polymer have been explored for in situ nanoprecipitation-based synthesis of water-soluble polymer–silver chloride nanocomposites. With the controlled release of silver ions, the nanocomposites were highly active against multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as fluconazole-resistant fungi. Alongside the elimination of metabolically inactive bacterial cells, the nanocomposites disrupted polymicrobial biofilms, unlike antibiotics and only silver-based ointments. This underlined the role of the engineered composite design, where the polymer interacted with the biofilm matrix, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles to kill microbes. Further, the nanocomposite diminished Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden in mice skin infection (>99.9%) with no dermal toxicity proving its potential for clinical translation.