Adsorption Configuration and H* Flux Modulation Enable Electrocatalytic Semihydrogenation of Alkynes with Group Tolerance in a Palladium Membrane Reactor
Huizhi Li, Qian Li, Shuoshuo Guo, Ying Gao, Bin Zhang, Cuibo Liu
Abstract
Ineffective control of alkene adsorption on a palladium membrane (PM) and the flux of active hydrogen (H*) diffusing from the aqueous side to the organic side through the PM cause low selectivity and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of alkynes to alkenes in a PM reactor. Here, a PM with a phenylthiolate-modified palladium sulfide thin layer coupled with pulsed electrolysis is reported to enable alkyne-to-alkene electrosynthesis with up to 98% selectivity and 80% FE. Electrochemical in situ Raman spectra reveal weak alkene adsorption and specific σ-alkynyl adsorption rather than flat adsorption of alkynes on the modified PM, accounting for the high alkene selectivity and functional group tolerance. Pulsed electrolysis causes reduced H* generation and restricted H* diffusion to the organic side, which better balances the generation and utilization of H*, suppresses H 2 evolution, and improves the FE. The high alkene selectivity and FE in a wide potential and current range, over 50 examples of (deuterated) alkenes with functional group tolerance and deuterated drug applications ( d 2 - naftifine, d 2 - cinarizine, d 2 - bucinnazine, d 2 -artemisinin derivative, and d 2 -estradiol derivative ), and scalable electrosynthesis of deuterated styrene for deuterated polystyrene with improved thermal stability demonstrate potential utility.