Non-invasive imaging assessment in angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA)
Luca Bergamaschi, Antonio De Vita, Angelo Villano, Saverio Tremamunno, Matteo Armillotta, Francesco Angeli, Marta Belmonte, Pasquale Paolisso, Alberto Foà, Emanuele Gallinoro, Alberto Polimeni, Vincenzo Sucato, Doralisa Morrone, Domenico Tuttolomondo, Anna Giulia Pavon, Marco Guglielmo, Nicola Gaibazzi, Saima Mushtaq, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Ciro Indolfi, Eugenio Picano, Gianluca Pontone, Gaetano Antonio Lanza, Carmine Pizzi
Abstract
Due to its significant prevalence and clinical implications, angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) has become a major focus in modern cardiology. In fact, diagnosing ANOCA presents a significant challenge. The final diagnosis is often difficult, delayed, and frequently necessitates an invasive assessment through coronary angiography. However, recent improvements in non-invasive cardiac imaging allow a diagnosis of ANOCA using a combination of clinical evaluation, anatomical coronary imaging, and functional testing. This narrative review aims to critically assess various non-invasive diagnostic methods and propose a multimodal approach to diagnose ANOCA and tailor appropriate treatments.