Anion and Cation Migration at 2D/3D Halide Perovskite Interfaces
Raphael F. Moral, Carlo A. R. Perini, Tim Kodalle, Ahyoung Kim, Finn Babbe, N. Harada, Javid Hajhemati, Philip Schulz, Naomi S. Ginsberg, Shaul Aloni, Craig P. Schwartz, Juan‐Pablo Correa‐Baena, Carolin M. Sutter‐Fella
Abstract
This study explores the ionic dynamics in 2D/3D perovskite solar cells, which are known for their improved efficiency and stability. The focus is on the impact of halide choice in 3D perovskites treated with phenethylammonium halide salts (PEAX, X = Br and I). Our findings reveal that light and heat drive ionic migration in these structures, with PEA + species diffusing into the 3D film in PEABr-treated samples. Mixed-halide 3D perovskites show halide interdiffusion, with bromine migrating to the surface and iodine diffusing into the film. Cathodoluminescence microscopy reveals localized 2D phases on the 3D perovskite, which become more evenly distributed after thermal treatment. Both PEAX salts enhance the performance of photovoltaic devices. This improvement is attributed to the passivation capabilities of the salts themselves and their respective Ruddlesden−Popper (RP) phases. Annealed PEAI-treated devices show a better balance between efficiency and statistical distribution of photovoltaic parameters.