Iron content of drinking water is associated with anaemia status among children in high groundwater iron areas in Bangladesh
Nuzhat Choudhury, Towfida Jahan Siddiqua, S. M. Tanvir Ahmed, Md. Ahshanul Haque, Mohammad Ali, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Farina Naz, Sheikh Shahed Rahman, A. S. G. Faruque, Sabuktagin Rahman, Tahmeed Ahmed
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Iron in groundwater provides a good source of absorbable iron for humans and can contribute to optimal iron and haemoglobin (Hb) status among populations. We aimed to examine the relationship between the iron content of groundwater and anaemia status among 12- to 23-month-old children in a rural area of Bangladesh. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 80 randomly selected unions (the lowest administrative unit) in Sylhet and Moulvibazar districts of Bangladesh. A total of 800 children aged 12-23 months were selected via a systematic random sampling method. The child's age, sex, stunting status, consumption of iron-rich or iron-fortified food, maternal age and maternal body mass index (BMI) and the type of terrain were subjected to multiple logistic regression analysis to observe the independent relationships between groundwater iron content and anaemia in children. RESULTS: In total, 50.4% of children were anaemic. The odds of children being anaemic were 1.51-fold higher [OR: 1.51 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.09)] among households consuming water with an iron content <2 mg/L than in households consuming water with an iron content ≥2 mg/L. Childhood stunting, child's sex, child's age and the type of terrain were also significantly associated with anaemia among children. CONCLUSION: Groundwater with a high iron concentration was significantly associated with a decreased risk of childhood anaemia. This study provides evidence of the importance of groundwater iron to protect impoverished young children from anaemia.