Inkjet Printing Bio‐Inspired Electrochromic Pixels
Patrick A. Sullivan, Daniel J. Wilson, Matthew Vallon, Duncan Q. Bower, Leila F. Deravi
Abstract
Abstract In this report the design, fabrication, and testing of inkjet‐printed electrochromic pixels (ECPs) incorporating the biochrome, xanthommatin (Xa) as programmable display units is described. As a redox sensitive chromophore, Xa is present in some species as a physiological indicator with red (reduced) or yellow (oxidized) colors associated with different behavioral or developmental stages. These features have been recently leveraged in some materials applications, illustrating a bio‐inspired design solution to color‐changing sensors and displays. This paper describes an extension of these applications to print individually addressable ECPs that can be processed in a mild annealing step to introduce localized conductivity on initially nonconductive substrates. When formulated together with a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) carrier ink, an addition of 0.19 wt% Xa is enough to generate dynamic ECPs which can be batch printed as lateral electrodes on any substrate to serve as both conductors and display units across electrically isolated boundaries. Application of low potentials triggers reversible color changes that span the red/yellow color space and can cycle for days. These results represent an important step towards the incorporation of alternative active materials like Xa to manufacture and scale low‐power, color‐changing pixels and patterns.