The Inducible Role of Ambient Particulate Matter in Cancer Progression via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Pathways: A Recent Perception
Chiang‐Wen Lee, Thi Thuy Tien Vo, Ching‐Zong Wu, Miao‐Ching Chi, Chieh‐Mo Lin, Mei-Ling Fang, I‐Ta Lee
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of premature death and overall death in the world. On the other hand, fine particulate matter, which is less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, is a global health problem due to its small diameter but high toxicity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the positive associations between this pollutant with both lung and non-lung cancer processes. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. The present review summarizes and analyzes the most recent findings on the relationship between fine particulate matter and various types of cancer along with the oxidative stress mechanisms as its possible carcinogenic mechanisms. Also, promising antioxidant therapies against cancer induced by this poison factor are discussed.