Sleep Apnea Classification Algorithm Development Using a Machine-Learning Framework and Bag-of-Features Derived from Electrocardiogram Spectrograms
Cheng-Yu Lin, Yiwen Wang, Febryan Setiawan, Nguyen Thi Hoang Trang, Che‐Wei Lin
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability (HRV) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived respiration (EDR) have been used to detect sleep apnea (SA) for decades. The present study proposes an SA-detection algorithm using a machine-learning framework and bag-of-features (BoF) derived from an ECG spectrogram. METHODS: This study was verified using overnight ECG recordings from 83 subjects with an average apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 29.63 (/h) derived from the Physionet Apnea-ECG and National Cheng Kung University Hospital Sleep Center database. The study used signal preprocessing to filter noise and artifacts, ECG time-frequency transformation using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), BoF feature generation, machine-learning classification using support vector machine (SVM), ensemble learning (EL), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification, and cross-validation. The time length of the spectrogram was set as 10 and 60 s to examine the required minimum spectrogram window time length to achieve satisfactory accuracy. Specific frequency bands of 0.1-50, 8-50, 0.8-10, and 0-0.8 Hz were also extracted to generate the BoF to determine the band frequency best suited for SA detection. RESULTS: The five-fold cross-validation accuracy using the BoF derived from the ECG spectrogram with 10 and 60 s time windows were 90.5% and 91.4% for the 0.1-50 Hz and 8-50 Hz frequency bands, respectively. CONCLUSION: An SA-detection algorithm utilizing BoF and a machine-learning framework was successfully developed in this study with satisfactory classification accuracy and high temporal resolution.