Magnesium Ion-Doped Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses Loaded with Gallic Acid Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Affecting the Biological Functions of Multiple Cells
YU Wenpeng, Jingli Ding, Jianfeng Chen, Ying Jiang, Jinping Zhao, Jichun Liu, Jianliang Zhou, Jinping Liu
Abstract
Introduction: Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) can result in additional death of myocardial cells. The rapid clearance of ROS after reperfusion injury and intervention during subsequent cardiac repair stages are crucial for the ultimate recovery of cardiac function. Methods: Magnesium-doped mesoporous bioactive glasses were prepared and loaded with the antioxidant drug gallic acid into MgNPs by sol-gel method. The antioxidant effects of MgNPs/GA were tested for their pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects based on the release characteristics of GA and Mg 2+ from MgNPs/GA. Later, we confirmed in our in vivo tests through immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections at various time points that MgNPs/GA exhibited initial antioxidant effects and had both pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects during the cardiac repair phase. Finally, we evaluated the cardiac function in mice treated with MgNPs/GA. Results: We provide evidence that GA released by MgNPs/GA can effectively eliminate ROS in the early stage, decreasing myocardial cell apoptosis. During the subsequent cardiac repair phase, the gradual release of Mg 2+ from MgNPs/GA stimulated angiogenesis and promoted M2 macrophage polarization, thereby reducing the release of inflammatory factors. Conclusion: MgNPs/GA acting on multiple cell types is an integrated solution for comprehensive attenuation of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac function protection. Keywords: myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, mesoporous bioactive glass, gallic acid, magnesium ion, macrophage polarization