Synthesis and characterization of g‐C <sub>3</sub> N <sub>4</sub> doped with activated carbon (AC) prepared from grape leaf litters for the photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin in aqueous systems
Adewumi Olufemi Oluwole, Phindile Khoza, Olatunde Stephen Olatunji
Abstract
Abstract The composites of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) doped with activated carbon (AC) were synthesized using the calcination method, and used as photocatalysts for the degradation of enrofloxacin in an aqueous system. The physical, morphology, and spectroscopic properties of the synthesized AC, bulk g‐C 3 N 4 , and AC/g‐C 3 N 4 composites were characterized using x‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method (BET), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐ray mapping (SEM‐EDX‐mapping), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with high resolution‐transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques (UV‐Vis DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The AC/g‐C 3 N 4 composites exhibited an extended visible light response and higher separation rate of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs compared to the bulk g‐C 3 N 4 . The 1 : 1AC/g‐C 3 N 4 composite showed superior photocatalytic performance, nearly seven times higher than the bulk g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets, toward the degradation of enrofloxacin in aqueous solutions, under visible light irradiation. The high photocatalytic efficiency of AC/g‐C 3 N 4 composites may be attributed to the role played by the significantly improved surface area, and the occurrence of high photoinduced charge separation, as revealed by the morphological and opto‐spectroscopic characterization of the synthesized composites, and photocatalysis experimental data. Furthermore, the AC/g‐C 3 N 4 composites exhibited excellent recyclability and stability, making them potential candidates for use in environmental remediation.