Carbohydrate quality, glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiometabolic risks in the US, Europe and Asia: A dose–response meta-analysis
Dale S. Hardy, Jane T. Garvin, Hongyan Xu
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite the proven evidence of high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets to increase cardiometabolic risks, knowledge about the meta-evidence for carbohydrate quality within world geographic regions is limited. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence of GI/GL studies and carbohydrate quality, gathering additional exposures for carbohydrate, high glycemic carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, and cereal fiber and risks for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality, grouped into the US, Europe, and Asia. Secondary aims examined cardiometabolic risks in overweight/obese individuals, by sex, and dose-response dietary variable trends. METHODS AND RESULTS: = 0.67;0.60,0.74). Total dietary-and cereal fibers' dose-response effects were nullified by GL, but not so for cereal fiber with GI. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese females could shift their carbohydrate intake for higher cereal fiber to decrease T2DM risk, but higher GL may cancel-out this effect.