Development of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors endowed with antihyperglycaemic activity: design, synthesis, biological investigations, and <i>in silico</i> insights
Abdelrahman Hamdi, Muhammad Yaseen, Wafaa A Ewes, M. A. Bhat, Noha I. Ziedan, Hamed W. El-Shafey, Ahmed A. B. Mohamed, Mohamed R. Elnagar, Abdullah Haikal, Dina I. A. Othman, Abdullah A. Elgazar, Ahmed H. A. Abusabaa, Kamal S. Abdelrahman, Osama M. Soltan, Mostafa M. Elbadawi
Abstract
This research study describes the development of new small molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) and their aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. The synthesis of 17 new derivatives of 2,4-TZDs hybrids was feasible by incorporating two known bioactive scaffolds, benzothiazole heterocycle, and nitro phenacyl moiety. The most active hybrid (8b) was found to inhibit AR in a non-competitive manner (0.16 µM), as confirmed by kinetic studies and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8b had a significant hypoglycaemic effect in mice with hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin. Fifty milligrams per kilogram dose of 8b produced a marked decrease in blood glucose concentration, and a lower dose of 5 mg/kg demonstrated a noticeable antihyperglycaemic effect. These outcomes suggested that compound 8b may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications.