Assessing the Reactivity of the Na<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>4</sub> Solid-State Electrolyte with the Sodium Metal Negative Electrode Using Total Trajectory Analysis with Neural-Network Potential Molecular Dynamics
Lieven Bekaert, Suzuno Akatsuka, Naoto Tanibata, Frank De Proft, Annick Hubin, Mesfin Haile Mamme, Masanobu Nakayama
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries play a central role in the global shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Since the commercial introduction of lithium-ion batteries in the early 1990s, recent progress is focused on the development of solid-state materials and new battery chemistries. Specifically, solid-state sodium ion batteries are an attractive alternative alongside lithium-based rechargeable batteries, with improvements in safety, lifespan, sustainability, and price. Critical to the battery performance are electrode–electrolyte interfaces since undesirable side-reactions often proceed between electrode and electrolyte materials. In addition, atomistic or electronic-level knowledge on the reactions at the interface is limited due to technical difficulties of experimental observation. Computational studies on interfacial reactivity, such as first-principles techniques, have also long been limited by computational limitations. Recent advances using neural-network potential molecular dynamics simulations are allowing significantly larger systems and longer timescales to be simulated at a significantly reduced computational cost without loss of accuracy. In this study, the chemical stability of the glass–ceramic Na 3 PS 4 solid-state electrolyte with the sodium metal electrode is investigated through a combined total trajectory analysis computational and experimental approach. PS 4 groups in the Na 3 PS 4 material were found to decompose sequentially into PS 3, PS 2, PS, and phosphide and sulfide species through the insertion of sodium atoms. Whereas the decomposition is thermodynamically favored, it is kinetically hindered due to steric effects in the PS 3 intermediate. Machine learning-assisted analysis was found to be able to visualize the reactivity tendencies of individual element types. The formed SEI layer exhibited a good chemical stability and a low electronic conductivity. These findings provide new design principles to optimize and develop new solid-state electrolytes with an increased chemical stability toward the sodium metal electrode.