Epigenomic features related to microglia are associated with attenuated effect of <i>APOE</i> ε4 on Alzheimer's disease risk in humans
Yiyi Ma, Lei Yu, Marta Olah, Rebecca G. Smith, Stephanie R. Oatman, Mariet Allen, Ehsan Pishva, Bin Zhang, Vilas Menon, Nilüfer Ertekin‐Taner, Katie Lunnon, David A. Bennett, Hans‐Ulrich Klein, Philip L. De Jager
Abstract
Abstract Not all apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) ε4 carriers who survive to advanced age develop Alzheimer's disease (AD); factors attenuating the risk of ε4 on AD may exist. Guided by the top ε4‐attenuating signals from methylome‐wide association analyses (N = 572, ε4+ and ε4–) of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, we conducted a meta‐analysis for pathological AD within the ε4+ subgroups (N = 235) across four independent collections of brains. Cortical RNA‐seq and microglial morphology measurements were used in functional analyses. Three out of the four significant CpG dinucleotides were captured by one principal component (PC1), which interacts with ε4 on AD, and is associated with expression of innate immune genes and activated microglia. In ε4 carriers, reduction in each unit of PC1 attenuated the odds of AD by 58% (odds ratio = 2.39, 95% confidence interval = [1.64,3.46], P = 7.08 × 10 –6 ). An epigenomic factor associated with a reduced proportion of activated microglia (epigenomic factor of activated microglia, EFAM) appears to attenuate the risk of ε4 on AD.