A review on alternative fuels: Spray characteristics, engine performance and emissions effect
Muhammed Hafis, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, N. Tamilarasan, D. Senthilkumar, R. Sakthivel
Abstract
The reduction of carbon footprint, global warming, and controlling of climate change are the major environmental challenges today. A significant portion of these issues stems from the transportation sector. Researchers worldwide are actively exploring strategies to address these concerns and promote a sustainable ecosystem for the future. This review article provides a detailed analysis of the physical and chemical properties of alternative fuels, fuel spray quality, combustion dynamics, engine performance, and emission characteristics. With a focus on fostering a sustainable and eco-friendly energy future, the study highlights the potential of alternative fuels to reduce emissions while enhancing engine efficiency. Findings reveal that biofuels can lower particulate matter (PM) emissions by 20–30 % compared to conventional gasoline, while synthetic fuels reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 15–25 %. Furthermore, gaseous fuels such as natural gas show an 18–22 % improvement in power output and a 10–15 % reduction in fuel consumption due to their superior combustion efficiency.