Spatial distribution and geospatial modeling of potential spread of secondary malaria vectors species in Nigeria using recently collected empirical data
Adedapo Adeogun, Ayodele S. Babalola, Okoko Okefu Oyale, Tolulope Oyeniyi, Ahmed Idowu Omotayo, Romoke T. Izekor, Oluwakemi Adetunji, Abiodun Olakiigbe, Olalekan E. Olagundoye, Monsuru Adeleke, Chioma C. Ojianwuna, Adamu Dagona, Daskum Abdullahi Muhammad, Jibrin Musa Mabu, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Adedayo O. Oduola, Petrus Uchenna Inyama, Lazarus Musa Samdi, Abiodun Obembe, Mustapha Musa Dogara, Kennedy Poloma Yoriyo, Suleiman Mohammed, Rebecca Samuel, Chioma Amajoh, Adesola Z. Musa, Musa John Zabiri, Njobdi Sani, Sani Zakariya, Abubakar Samaila, Ezra Abba, Abdulmalik Bala Shuaibu, Victor N. Enwemiwe, Eric Esiwo, Ahmad Danjuma, Tasiu Shuaibu, Peni Aiki Istifanus, Salisu Ahmed Kabiru, Azubuike Christian Ukubuiwe, Ibrahim Maikudi Salihu, Julius Akolawole Bamidele, Jumoke Kikelomo Fawole, Garba Columbus Liatu, Alex Jasini Wahedi, Sambo Fatima Idris, Abduljalal Ado, M. S. Pukuma, Kamilu Ayo Fasasi, Akinlabi Mohammed Rufai, Ifeoluwa Kayode Fagbohun, Mohammed Bala, Mary Esema, Mamudu Omo-Eboh, O. A. Idowu, Adeolu Taiwo Ande, Israel Kayode Olayemi, A.M. Yayo, Cyril Ademu, Chukwu Okoronko, Lynda Ozor, James Ssekitooleko, Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu, Issa Kawu, Godwin Ntadom, Babatunde Lawal Salako, Samson Awolola
Abstract
In Nigeria, most research and malaria vector control efforts have focused on primary vectors within the Anopheles gambiae complex, with less emphasis on other secondary vectors. Consequently, understudied secondary vectors have demonstrated a proportional and increasing role in transmission. This study utilized geospatial models to understand the potential distribution of anopheline species other than An. gambiae complex (non-gambiae species) in Nigeria. Adult mosquitoes were sampled monthly between 2020 and 2022, with concurrent surveys of larval sites in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) across 20 States resulting in the collection and identification of over 100,000 Anopheline mosquitoes. Utilizing 23 environmental variables, the model produced maps depicting the potential geographical distribution of four secondary vector species under current climatic conditions. An. funestus, An. coustani, An. maculipalpis, and An. rufipes dominated collections, with other species also present. Most species collected exhibited higher occurrences in the Northern parts of the country, albeit with lower numbers, while they seem confined to fewer locations in the southern parts - with higher densities. An. funestus, An. maculipalpis, and An. rufipes demonstrated a higher potential for wide range expansion compared to An. coustani based on the model. Overall, modeling outputs indicate that non-An. gambiae were expected to exhibit a wide-spread across the country, with their distribution primarily influenced by temperature rather than precipitation-related factors. These models provide research scientists and decision-makers with a baseline for research, monitoring towards establishing management plans for future national mosquito surveillance and control programs in Nigeria.