Current Treatment and Immunomodulation Strategies in Acute Myocarditis
Emma Ferone, Amitai Segev, Erika Tempo, Piero Gentile, Ahmed Elsanhoury, Chiara Baggio, Jessica Artico, Prashan Bhatti, Paul A. Scott, Emanuele Bobbio, Marco Merlo, Pietro Ameri, Gianfranco Sinagra, Carsten Tschöpe, Daniel I. Bromage, Antonio Cannatà
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium characterized by a great heterogeneity of presentation and evolution. Treatment of myocarditis is often supportive, and the evidence for immunosuppression is scarce and debated. Conventional treatment is based on clinical presentation, ranging from conservative to advanced mechanical assist devices. In this setting, immunosuppression and immunomodulation therapies are mostly reserved for patients presenting with major clinical syndromes. In this review, we will summarize the current evidence and strategies for conventional and immunosuppressive treatments for patients presenting with acute myocarditis.