Microwave (MW) and ultrasound-ultraviolet (US/UV) energy-assisted green synthesis of Spiro heterocycles for high-yield efficiency and agrochemical applications
Ayman M. Elgohary, El-Hady Rafat, Sultanah M. N. Alhunayhin, Youssef O. Al‐Ghamdi, Mohamed G. Elbanna, Sameh A. Rizk
Abstract
In the present work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of novel spiroheterocyclic compounds, motivated by their potential applications as pesticides. These products represent a direction of considerable scientific significance and practical value for sustainable development. To upward the green chemistry principles, efficient exploring and environmentally crucial synthesis promoting with combined microwave-ultrasonic-UV technique to facilitate the spiro synthesis via rising reaction mass efficiency, yield- and atom economy. This approach is transformed via a sono-luminescence process to create spiroheterocyclic products 5 – 22 in a singular synthetic endeavor. The dual US/UV system promotes efficient green parameters during work-up and minimizes waste precursors. The structural integrity of the resultant compounds is affirmed by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR microanalyses. The insecticidal efficacy of the synthesized spiro derivatives was appraised against Spodoptera littoralis , Rhizoctonia solani , and Fusarium solani , with comparisons to chlorpyrifos and a creditable fungicide for certain pathogens. The structures and electronic characteristics of these novel agrochemical products were further investigated through molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) analysis.