Cardiac Sarcoidosis: When and How to Treat Inflammation
Gerard Giblin, Laura Murphy, Garrick C. Stewart, Akshay S. Desai, Marcelo F. Di Carli, Ron Blankstein, Michael M. Givertz, Usha B. Tedrow, William H Sauer, Gary M. Hunninghake, Paul F. Dellaripa, Sanjay Divakaran, Neal K. Lakdawala
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a complex, multisystem inflammatory disease with a heterogeneous clinical spectrum. Approximately 25% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis will have cardiac involvement that portends a poorer outcome. The diagnosis, particularly of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis, can be challenging. A paucity of randomised data exist on who, when and how to treat myocardial inflammation in cardiac sarcoidosis. Despite this, corticosteroids continue to be the mainstay of therapy for the inflammatory phase, with an evolving role for steroid-sparing and biological agents. This review explores the immunopathogenesis of inflammation in sarcoidosis, current evidence-based treatment indications and commonly used immunosuppression agents. It explores a multidisciplinary treatment and monitoring approach to myocardial inflammation and outlines current gaps in our understanding of this condition, emerging research and future directions in this field.