Prevalence and global trends of polypharmacy among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohammed Danjuma, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Ahmed Tarek Aboughalia, Nada Soliman, Ruba Almishal, Haseeb Abdul, Mohamad Faisal Hamad Mohamed, Mohamed Nabil Elshafie, Abdulatif Alkhal, Abdel‐Naser Elzouki, Arwa Alsaud, Mas Chaponda, Mubarak Arriyo Bidmos
Abstract
Background: There has been a rising prevalence of polypharmacy among people living with HIV (PLWH). Uncertainty however remains regarding the exact estimates of polypharmacy among these cohorts of patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed; EMBASE, CROI, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Science Citation Index and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects for studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2021 that reported on the prevalence of polypharmacy (ingestion of > 5 non-ART medications) among PLWH on antiretroviral therapy regimen (ART). Prevalence of polypharmacy among HIV-positive patients on ART with Clopper–Pearson 95% confidence intervals were presented. The heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] statistics. Results: One hundred ninety-seven studies were initially identified, 23 met the inclusion criteria enrolling 55,988 PLWH, of which 76.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 76.4–77.1] were male. The overall pooled prevalence of polypharmacy among PLWH was 33% (95% CI: 25–42%) ( I 2 = 100%, τ 2 = 0.9170, p < 0.0001). Prevalence of polypharmacy is higher in the Americas (44%, 95% CI: 27–63%) ( I 2 = 100%, τ 2 = 1.0886, p < 0.01) than Europe (29%, 95% CI: 20–40%) ( I 2 = 100%, τ 2 = 0.7944, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The pooled prevalence estimates from this synthesis established that polypharmacy is a significant and rising problem among PLWH. The exact interventions that are likely to significantly mitigate its effect remain uncertain and will need exploration by future prospective and systematic studies. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42020170071 Plain Language Summary Background: In people living with HIV (PLWH), what is the prevalence of polypharmacy and is this influenced by sociodemographic factors? Methods and Results: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies comprising 55,988 participants, we have for the first time found an estimated polypharmacy pooled prevalence of 33% among PLWH. There was a relatively higher pooled prevalence of polypharmacy among the America’s compared with European cohorts of PLWH. Conclusion: Polypharmacy among PLWH is a rising morbidity that needs urgent intervention both at policy and patient levels of care.