Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity of the Gut
Tsvetelina Velikova, Issa El Kaouri, Konstantina Bakopoulou, Milena Gulinac, Kremena Naydenova, Martin Dimitrov, Milena Peruhova, Snezhina Lazova
Abstract
Mucosal immunity and trained innate immunity of the gut play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defending against microbial pathogens. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity and the concept of trained innate immunity in the gut. We discuss the interaction between gut microbiota and the host immune system, highlighting the role of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells, as well as the novel concept of trained innate immunity and its role in perpetuating or attenuating gut inflammation. We also comment on the current models for investigating mucosal immunity, their limitations, and how they can be overcome. Additionally, we explore the potential therapeutic implications of modulating mucosal immunity and trained innate immunity in gastrointestinal diseases. Only by elucidating the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity and the concept of trained innate immunity, innovative approaches to modulate immune responses and restore intestinal homeostasis in the context of gastrointestinal disorders could be implemented.