The antimicrobial potential of adarotene derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus strains
Salvatore Princiotto, Bruno Casciaro, Álvaro G. Temprano, Loana Musso, Francesca Sacchi, Maria Rosa Loffredo, Floriana Cappiello, Federica Sacco, Giammarco Raponi, Virginia Perez Fernandez, Teresa Iucci, Maria Luisa Mangoni, Mattia Mori, Sabrina Dallavalle, Claudio Pisano
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are severely impacting our ability to successfully treat common infections. Here we report the synthesis of a panel of adarotene-related retinoids showing potent antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus strains (including multidrug-resistant ones). Fluorescence and molecular dynamic studies confirmed that the adarotene analogues were able to induce conformational changes and disfunctions to the cell membrane, perturbing the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer. Since the major obstacle for developing retinoids is their potential cytotoxicity, a selected candidate was further investigated to evaluate its activity on a panel of human cell lines. The compound was found to be well tolerated, with IC50 5–15-fold higher than the MIC on S. aureus strains. Furthermore, the adarotene analogue had a good pharmacokinetic profile, reaching a plasma concentration of about 6 μM after 0.5 h after administration (150 mg/kg), at least twice the MIC observed against various bacterial strains. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the compound potentiated the growth-inhibitory effect of the poorly bioavailable rifaximin, when used in combination. Overall, the collected data pave the way for the development of synthetic retinoids as potential therapeutics for hard-to-treat infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.