One health surveillance strategy for coronaviruses in Italian wildlife
Stefania Leopardi, Rosanna Desiato, Matteo Mazzucato, Riccardo Orusa, Federica Obber, Daniela Averaimo, Shadia Berjaoui, Sabrina Canziani, Maria Teresa Capucchio, Raffaella Conti, Santina Di Bella, Francesca Festa, Luisa Garofalo, Davide Lelli, Maria Paola Madrau, Maria Lucia Mandola, Ana Maria Moreno Martin, Simone Peletto, Silvia Pirani, Serena Robetto, Claudia Torresi, Maria Varotto, Carlo Vittorio Citterio, Calogero Terregino
Abstract
The recent reinforcement of CoV surveillance in animals fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic provided increasing evidence that mammals other than bats might hide further diversity and play critical roles in human infectious diseases. This work describes the results of a two-year survey carried out in Italy with the double objective of uncovering CoV diversity associated with wildlife and of excluding the establishment of a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 in particularly susceptible or exposed species. The survey targeted hosts from five different orders and was harmonised across the country in terms of sample size, target tissues, and molecular test. Results showed the circulation of 8 CoV species in 13 hosts out of the 42 screened. Coronaviruses were either typical of the host species/genus or normally associated with their domestic counterpart. Two novel viruses likely belonging to a novel CoV genus were found in mustelids. All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2, with minimum detectable prevalence ranging between 0.49% and 4.78% in the 13 species reaching our threshold sample size of 59 individuals. Considering that within-species transmission in white-tailed deer resulted in raising the prevalence from 5% to 81% within a few months, this result would exclude a sustained cycle after spillback in the tested species.