Autogenous self-healing of thermally damaged cement paste with carbon nanomaterials subjected to different environmental stimulators
Magdalena Rajczakowska, Maciej Szeląg, Karin Habermehl-Cwirzen, Hans Hedlund, Andrzej Ćwirzeń
Abstract
Autogenous self-healing of post-fire damaged concrete enables structure performance auto-recovery leading to reduced repair costs, less generated waste, and lower CO2 emissions. In this paper, to improve the efficiency of this process and understand the underlying mechanism, the self-healing of 0.1 wt% MWCNT-modified and pure cement paste subjected to novel environmental stimulators was tested. High-temperature damage was induced at 200 °C and 400 °C, followed by a self-healing cyclic treatment with water, a mixture of water with phosphate-based retarding admixture, and limewater. The self-healing efficiency of the proposed solutions were compared based on crack closure, strength regains, porosity, and chemical composition changes. The surface crack closure after 200 °C varied between 33% and 60%, whereas for 400 °C, only retarding admixture exposure obtained over 50% crack closure and the most considerable decrease in average crack width of 33% for MWCNT-modified paste. The highest values of compressive strength recovery, equal to 18% and 14%, exceeding the intact specimen's compressive strength, were observed for the MWCNT-modified paste healed in water and limewater. Water exposure with an extended wetting phase enhanced the compressive strength recovery of the MWCNT-modified materials. Strong (r = 0.87) and moderate (r = 0.52) positive correlations were observed between temperature loading and compressive and flexural strength recovery parameters, respectively. Higher porosity and interconnected crack network, caused by high temperature, facilitated the self-healing process. Porosity changes before and after healing were pronounced in contrast to the amount of unhydrated cement, which did not exhibit noticeable changes. The healing mechanism included three processes: calcite formation, further hydration inside the cracks, and rehydration of the bulk cement paste.