Choline Chloride Induces Growth Performance of Indian Major Carps and Air-Breathing Fish Species with an Outcome of Quality Food-Fish under a Semi-Intensive Culture System: A Biochemical Investigation
Subhas Das, Atanu Patra, Arghya Mandal, Niladri Sekhar Mondal, Sukhendu Dey, Arnab Kumar Mondal, Amit Dey, Apurba Ratan Ghosh
Abstract
total protein (PRO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), and calcium (Ca) showed significant enhancement, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), cholesterol (CHOLES), and triglycerides (Trig) showed gradual significant reduction during the breeding season under choline exposure. Treated fishes showed prevention from liver dysfunction and fatty liver formation, and increased body crude protein content. Results indicated favorable growth and yield, which may benefit fish farmers during their culture practices, and the output fish species under choline supplementation resulted in quality food-fish for human consumption.