General Trends on Biomaterials Applications: Advantages and Limitations
Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Mădălina Simona Bălțatu, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrică Vizureanu
Abstract
The field of biomaterials has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with increasing applications in various medical disciplines. This book chapter provides an overview of the trends in biomaterials applications, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Biomaterials play a critical role in improving patient outcomes, enabling the development of innovative medical devices, and enhancing the quality of life. They find extensive use in orthopedics, esthetic surgery, ophthalmology, maxillofacial surgery, cardiology, urology, neurology, and other medical specialties. While biomaterials offer numerous benefits, their selection and design depend on specific medical applications. Biocompatibility, adequate mechanical properties, physical and chemical characteristics, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and osseointegration are important considerations. However, the complexity of the biological environment and the lack of detailed knowledge about in vivo conditions pose challenges. The success of an implant replacement relies on the tissue-material interface, which varies based on the desired outcome. Hemocompatible behavior is necessary for implants in contact with blood, whereas osseointegrated implants require a strong interaction for high adhesion force. This chapter also discusses the limitations of biomaterials, including immune reactions, limited biocompatibility, durability issues, interactions with the surrounding environment, lack of regeneration, high costs, and design constraints. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and development to overcome these limitations and advance the field of biomaterials.