Chromosome Xq23 is associated with lower atherogenic lipid concentrations and favorable cardiometabolic indices
Pradeep Natarajan, Akhil Pampana, Sarah E. Graham, Sanni Ruotsalainen, James A. Perry, Paul S. de Vries, Jai Broome, James P. Pirruccello, Michael C. Honigberg, Krishna G. Aragam, Brooke N. Wolford, Jennifer A. Brody, Lucinda Antonacci-Fulton, Arden Moscati, Stella Aslibekyan, Themistocles L. Assimes, Christie M. Ballantyne, Lawrence F. Bielak, Joshua C. Bis, Brian E. Cade, Ron Do, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Leslie S. Emery, Yi‐Jen Hung, Marguerite R. Irvin, Alyna Khan, Leslie A. Lange, Jiwon Lee, Rozenn N. Lemaître, Lisa W. Martin, Ginger Metcalf, May E. Montasser, Jee‐Young Moon, Donna M. Muzny, Jeffrey R. O’Connell, Nicholette D. Palmer, Juan M. Peralta, Patricia A. Peyser, Adrienne M. Stilp, Michael Y. Tsai, Fei Fei Wang, Daniel E. Weeks, Lisa R. Yanek, James G. Wilson, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Donna K. Arnett, Lewis C. Becker, John Blangero, Eric Boerwinkle, Donald W. Bowden, Yi‐Cheng Chang, Yii‐Der I. Chen, Won Jung Choi, Adolfo Correa, Joanne E. Curran, Mark J. Daly, Susan K. Dutcher, Patrick T. Ellinor, Myriam Fornage, Barry I. Freedman, Stacey Gabriel, Søren Germer, Richard A. Gibbs, Jiang He, Kristian Hveem, Gail P. Jarvik, Robert C. Kaplan, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Eimear E. Kenny, Ryan W. Kim, Charles Kooperberg, Cathy C. Laurie, Seonwook Lee, Donald M. Lloyd‐Jones, Ruth J. F. Loos, Steven A. Lubitz, Rasika A. Mathias, Karine A. Viaud Martinez, Stephen T. McGarvey, Braxton D. Mitchell, Deborah A. Nickerson, Kari E. North, Aarno Palotie, Cheol Joo Park, Bruce M. Psaty, D. C. Rao, Susan Redline, Alex P. Reiner, Daekwan Seo, Jeong‐Sun Seo, Albert V. Smith, Russell P. Tracy, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Sekar Kathiresan, L. Adrienne Cupples, Jerome I. Rotter, Alanna C. Morrison, Stephen S. Rich, Samuli Ripatti, Cristen J. Willer
Abstract
Abstract Autosomal genetic analyses of blood lipids have yielded key insights for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, X chromosome genetic variation is understudied for blood lipids in large sample sizes. We now analyze genetic and blood lipid data in a high-coverage whole X chromosome sequencing study of 65,322 multi-ancestry participants and perform replication among 456,893 European participants. Common alleles on chromosome Xq23 are strongly associated with reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (min P = 8.5 × 10 −72 ), with similar effects for males and females. Chromosome Xq23 lipid-lowering alleles are associated with reduced odds for CHD among 42,545 cases and 591,247 controls ( P = 1.7 × 10 −4 ), and reduced odds for diabetes mellitus type 2 among 54,095 cases and 573,885 controls ( P = 1.4 × 10 −5 ). Although we observe an association with increased BMI, waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI is reduced, bioimpedance analyses indicate increased gluteofemoral fat, and abdominal MRI analyses indicate reduced visceral adiposity. Co-localization analyses strongly correlate increased CHRDL1 gene expression, particularly in adipose tissue, with reduced concentrations of blood lipids.