Boson-fermion duality with subsystem symmetry
Weiguang Cao, Masahito Yamazaki, Yunqin Zheng
Abstract
We explore an exact duality in $(2+1)$ dimensions $[(2+1)\mathrm{D}]$ between the fermionization of a bosonic theory with a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ subsystem symmetry and a fermionic theory with a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ subsystem fermion parity symmetry. A typical example is the duality between the fermionization of the plaquette Ising model and the plaquette fermion model. We first revisit the standard boson-fermion duality in $(1+1)$ dimensions with a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ 0-form symmetry, presenting in a way generalizable to $(2+1)\mathrm{D}$. We proceed to $(2+1)\mathrm{D}$ with a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ subsystem symmetry and establish the exact duality on the lattice by using the generalized Jordan-Wigner map, with a careful discussion on the mapping of the twist and symmetry sectors. This motivates us to introduce the subsystem Arf invariant, which exhibits a foliation structure.