microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections
Maura Rojas-Pirela, Diego Andrade-Alviárez, Wilfredo Quiñones, Maria Verónica Rojas, Christian Castillo, Ana Liempi, Lisvaneth Medina, Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz, Alejandro Fernández-Moya, Yessica Ortega, Sebastián Araneda, Juan Diego Maya, Ulrike Kemmerling
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.