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Constraining deviations from $$\varLambda $$CDM in the Hubble expansion rate

Yupeng Yang

2025The European Physical Journal C7 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

Abstract The $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> CDM cosmological model has long been regarded as highly successful in accurately describing a wide range of astronomical observations. However, numerous observational findings have also provided hints of discrepancies from the predictions of the $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> CDM framework. We explore a phenomenological model that quantifies the deviation of the Hubble expansion rate from the standard scenario, which is expressed as $$H^{2}(z) = H^{2}_\mathrm{\varLambda CDM}(\varOmega _m, z)[1+\delta (z)]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CDM</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We consider three distinct forms for the deviation parameter $$\delta (z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> : in model I, $$\delta (z)=\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ; in model II, $$\delta (z)=\delta _{c}z/(1+z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and in model III, $$\delta (z)=\delta _{c}\textrm{ln}(1+z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>ln</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Here, $$\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> represents a constant value. We utilize a comprehensive set of observational data to constrain the models. Our results show that for most combined datasets, $$\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> tends to take on negative values for models I and II, while consistently taking positive values in model III. Furthermore, we find that both models I and II remain consistent with the standard $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> </jats:inline-formul

Topics & Concepts

Hubble's lawPhysicsStandard deviationStandard Model (mathematical formulation)Statistical physicsRange (aeronautics)Phenomenological modelLarge deviations theoryMetric expansion of spaceCosmologyTheoretical physicsCosmological modelDeceleration parameterBasis (linear algebra)Observational cosmologyConstant (computer programming)Term (time)Cold dark matterModel selectionAstrophysicsSystematic errorHubble volumeStatistical modelCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstronomy and Astrophysical Research
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