Recent progress on the organoids: Techniques, advantages and applications
Xiaofeng Liu, Zhiyuan Zhou, Yao Zhang, Hao Zhong, Xing Cai, Rongfa Guan
Abstract
Organoids are a cutting-edge technology in the life sciences field, with applications in precision medicine, bionic organs, and toxicological evaluations of chemicals. Their 3D structure closely resembles that of real organs, allowing more accurate functional mimicry. The 3D organoid culture system can simulate the growth state of cells in vivo and establish a suspension culture system for organoid 3D culture by using scaffold-less or scaffold technology to avoid direct contact between cells and plastic culture vessels. Furthermore, organoids can simulate the pathophysiological state of tissues and organs in vitro . This paper primarily discusses the construction methodologies, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of 3D culture systems for both scaffold-free organoids and scaffolded organoids. This review also summarizes the application of organoid models in chemical toxicology evaluation, drug screening and functional evaluation, establishment of in vitro disease models, and research on disease occurrence and potential mechanisms. The aim is to provide a reference for the research and practical applications of organoid-related scientific fields. • Organoids can be derived from tissue cells and stem cells. • Scaffold or scaffold-free technologies are employed to establish organoid culture systems. • Organoids can simulate the pathophysiological conditions of tissues and organs. • Organoids are utilized in drug screening, functional assessment, gene editing, etc.