Autism Assessment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Feasibility and Usability of Western Tools
Kathleen Bauer, Kristi L. Morin, Theodore E. Renz, Sinenhlanhla P. Zungu
Abstract
The research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) disproportionately originates from high-income countries, indicating a disparity of research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). One possible reason for this disparity is a lack of culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic tools for use in LMIC. Although a number of tools are commonly used in the United States, it is likely that using these tools in contexts in which they were not intended may be problematic. As such, this study examined factors that may inhibit the feasibility and usability of common ASD assessment tools in LMIC. Assessments were analyzed for readability, initial and continued cost, training required, restrictions on purchasing, materials required, and presence of items assessing expressive and receptive language. Results of the study indicated that the majority of validated ASD assessment tools present a multitude of barriers for use in LMIC. Implications for research and practice are discussed.