A state-of-art review on the sustainable technologies for cadmium removal from wastewater
Nur Hafizah Ab Hamid, R.A. Ilyas, Abu Hassan Nordin, Siti Muhamad Nur Husna, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Victor Feizal Knight, M.I.H.M. Tahir, Gan Xin Li, Tan Quan, Abdirashid Mohamed Abdullah, Nuh Farhan Tajul Azwa, M. R. M. Asyraf
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cadmium pollution in wastewater has long become a daunting issue due to the rapid development of industries and modern technologies. As the exposure to cadmium has a significant effect on human health, it is crucial to treat wastewater contaminated with cadmium. This review aims to discuss and compare different treatments for cadmium in wastewater such as precipitation, coagulation, flotation, membrane filtration, biosorption, and carbon-based nanosorbent. The advances in the development of the current treatments of cadmium in wastewater represent some of the most significant milestones in the treatment strategies with most treatments showing almost complete removal of cadmium wastewater and promising reusability. However, it still possesses certain limitations which are further elaborated in this review to give insights into the future development of better treatments. Finally, a future direction to address the issue of cadmium pollution was presented to pave the way for the development of more eco-friendly treatments.