Heavy-flavor transport and hadronization in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> collisions

Abstract

Recent experimental results on the <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:msubsup><a:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</a:mi><a:mi>c</a:mi><a:mo>+</a:mo></a:msubsup><a:mo>/</a:mo><a:msup><a:mi>D</a:mi><a:mn>0</a:mn></a:msup></a:math> ratio in proton-proton (<d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><d:mi>p</d:mi><d:mi>p</d:mi></d:math>) collisions have revealed a significant enhancement compared to expectations based on universal fragmentation fractions/functions across different colliding systems, from <f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><f:msup><f:mi>e</f:mi><f:mo>+</f:mo></f:msup><f:msup><f:mi>e</f:mi><f:mo>−</f:mo></f:msup></f:math> to <h:math xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><h:mi>p</h:mi><h:mi>p</h:mi></h:math>. This unexpected enhancement has sparked speculation about the potential effects of a deconfined medium impacting hadronization, previously considered exclusive to heavy-ion collisions. In this study, we propose a novel approach that assumes the formation of a small, deconfined, and expanding fireball even in <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><j:mi>p</j:mi><j:mi>p</j:mi></j:math> collisions, where charm quarks can undergo rescattering and hadronization. We make use of the same in-medium hadronization mechanism developed for heavy-ion collisions, which involves local color-neutralization through recombination of charm quarks with nearby opposite color charges from the background fireball. Our model incorporates the presence of diquark excitations in the hot medium, which promotes the formation of charmed baryons. Moreover, the recombination process, involving closely aligned partons from the same fluid cell, effectively transfers the collective flow of the system to the final charmed hadrons. We show that this framework can qualitatively reproduce the observed experimental findings in heavy-flavor particle-yield ratios, <l:math xmlns:l="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><l:msub><l:mi>p</l:mi><l:mi>T</l:mi></l:msub></l:math>-spectra and elliptic-flow coefficients. Our results provide new, complementary supporting evidence that the collective phenomena observed in small systems naturally have the same origin as those observed in heavy-ion collisions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

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