Ability of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Photocatalytic Degradation of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Solutions Using Immobilized TiO<sub>2</sub>/Sand
Fadiah Sulaiman, Abeer I. Alwared
Abstract
The response surface method was applied to optimize operational factors in the solar photocatalytic process on the removal of Amoxicillin (AMOX) residues from aqueous solution using TiO 2 immobilized on the sand as a catalyst. The results reveal that the degradation percentage of AMOX is 93.12%, when optimal conditions of pH=5, 75 mg/l of TiO 2 , 400 mg/l of H 2 O 2 , and 10 mg/l of AMOX concentration at 150 min irradiation time were used. Furthermore, the model's expected response results have reasonable similarity with the actual data (R 2 = 93.58%), demonstrating the efficiency of this method in making an accurate prediction. A second-order polynomial multiple regression model was used to evaluate the responses, which confirms that was a satisfactory adjustment with the achieved data through analysis of variance (R 2 = 93.58%, R 2 adj = 91.48% and R 2 pred =89.68%). In addition, it is observed that the removal of undesirable compounds follows a pseudo-2 nd order kinetic model with R 2 = 0.9862. In conclusion, with the ease of usage of immobilized TiO 2 and good photocatalytic efficiency, the findings showed the potential application to the antibiotics from an aqueous solution.